AQSh Alyaskani egallab oldi

AQSh Alyaskani egallab oldi


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1867 yil 18 oktyabrda AQSh Rossiyadan 7,2 million dollarga yoki akrining ikki sentidan kamiga sotib olgach, rasmiy ravishda Alyaskani egalladi. Alyaskani sotib olish 586,412 kvadrat milni tashkil etdi, bu Texasdan ikki baravar kattaroq edi va prezident Endryu Jonson boshchiligidagi g'ayratli davlat kotibi Uilyam Genri Seward tomonidan qo'llab -quvvatlandi.

Rossiya Alyaskaning chekka, aholisi kam va himoyasi qiyin bo'lgan hududini Buyuk Britaniya kabi raqibi bilan jangda yo'qotishdan ko'ra AQShga sotmoqchi edi. Seward (1801-1872) va AQShning Rossiyadagi vaziri Eduard de Stekl o'rtasidagi muzokaralar 1867 yil mart oyida boshlangan. Biroq, Amerika jamoatchiligi bu erni bepusht va befoyda deb hisoblab, "Seward's nodonlik" va "Endryu Jonson "Polar Bear Garden" va boshqa kamsituvchi ismlar. Loyihaga nisbatan ba'zi adovat prezident Jonsonning mashhurligidan kelib chiqqan bo'lishi mumkin. AQShning 17 -prezidenti sifatida Jonson Kongressda radikal respublikachilar bilan fuqarolar urushidan keyingi rekonstruksiya siyosati bilan kurashdi. U 1868 yilda impichment e'lon qilindi va keyinchalik bir ovoz bilan oqlandi. Shunga qaramay, Kongress oxir -oqibat Alyaska bitimini ratifikatsiya qildi.

KO'PROQ O'QING: Nega Alyaskani sotib olish "ahmoqlik" dan uzoq edi

1896 yilda Alyaskaning Klondike daryosining bir irmog'ida oltin topilganida, oltin shov -shuvga sabab bo'lganida, sotib olish haqidagi jamoatchilik fikri yanada qulayroq bo'ldi. Alyaska 1959 yil 3 yanvarda 49 -shtatga aylandi va hozirda o'zining ulkan tabiiy boyliklari bilan tan olingan. Bugungi kunda Amerika neftining 25 foizi va dengiz mahsulotlarining 50 foizdan ko'prog'i Alyaskadan keladi. Bu, shuningdek, mintaqadagi eng yirik shtat, quyi 48 shtatining beshdan bir qismiga to'g'ri keladi, garchi u kam yashaydi. Alyaska nomi aleut alyeska so'zidan kelib chiqqan bo'lib, "buyuk er" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Alyaskada ikkita rasmiy davlat bayrami bor: mart oyining oxirgi dushanbasida nishonlanadigan Seward kuni, 1867 yil 30 -mart, AQSh va Rossiya o'rtasidagi er shartnomasi imzolanishi va har 18 oktyabrda nishonlanadigan Alyaska kuni. erni rasmiy ravishda topshirish yilligi.


Alyaska sotib olish

Tahririyatimiz siz yuborgan narsalarni ko'rib chiqadi va maqolani qayta ko'rib chiqish kerakligini aniqlaydi.

Alyaska sotib olish, (1867), Qo'shma Shtatlar Rossiyadan AQShning hozirgi Alyaska shtatini o'z ichiga olgan Shimoliy Amerika qit'asining shimoli -g'arbiy chekkasida 586,412 kvadrat mil (1,518,800 kvadrat kilometr) erni sotib oldi.

Rossiya bir necha bor Shimoliy Amerika hududini Qo'shma Shtatlarga sotishni taklif qilgandi, lekin 1861 yilda Amerika fuqarolar urushining boshlanishi muhokamalarning qoldirilishiga olib keldi. 1866 yil dekabrda, urush tugaganidan bir yil o'tib, Rossiyaning AQShdagi vaziri Baron Eduard de Steklga imperator Aleksandr II uni sotish bo'yicha muzokaralar ochishni buyurdi. Hududni etkazib berishdagi xarajatlar va moddiy -texnik qiyinchiliklar, Qrim urushining (1853–56) fojiali davrlarida to'plangan qarzlari bilan qo'shimcha ravishda kurashayotgan ruslar uchun iqtisodiy javobgarlikni keltirib chiqardi. Garchi ruslarning Aleut xalqlari bilan munosabatlari asosan tinch bo'lgan bo'lsa -da, Tlingit qabilalari ancha tinchroq edilar, bu esa vaqti -vaqti bilan zo'ravonlik epizodlari va qoidalarning uzilishiga olib keldi. Rossiyadagi siyosiy kuchlar tobora ko'proq Osiyo ekspansiyasiga intilishdi va Amerikaning "Manifest Destiny" falsafasi va hududning janubiy qismini ijaraga olgan Britaniyaning Gudson ko'rfazi kompaniyasi raqobatining kuchayishi nuqtai nazaridan, Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti tomonidan hududni oxir -oqibat boshqarilishini ko'rib chiqdilar. Shtatlar muqarrar va ehtimol foydali.

Stoekl prezident Avraam Linkoln va Endryu Jonson davridagi davlat kotibi Uilyam Genri Sewardga vositachi, jurnalist va siyosatchi Turlou Ved orqali murojaat qildi. (AQSh ekspansionizmining tarafdori bo'lgan Seward uzoq vaqtdan beri Alyaskani orzu qilardi.) Ikki davlat arbobi 1867 yil 11 martda shaxsiy munozaralarini boshladilar. 1867 yil 29 martda Stekl va Seward Rossiyaning Shimoliy Amerikasini AQShga topshirish to'g'risidagi shartnoma loyihasini yakunladilar va ertasi kuni shartnoma imzolandi. Narxi - 7,2 million dollar - har gektariga taxminan ikki tsentni tashkil etdi.

Ba'zi gazetalar, xususan, Horace Greeley Nyu -York Tribunasi- "Sewardning muz qutisi", "Sewardning ahmoqligi" va "Walrussia" yangi hududini har xil deb hisoblab, qarorni qabul qildi. Biroq, amerikaliklarning aksariyati ikkilanmasdan edi, ba'zilari bu qarorni Kanadani qo'shib olish yo'lidagi qadam sifatida qo'llab -quvvatladilar. Shartnoma 1867 yil 30-martda Senatga ma'qullash uchun topshirilgan edi. 1859 va 1865 yillarda Smitson instituti homiyligida o'tkazilgan ekspeditsiyalar paytida to'plangan tabiiy resurslar haqidagi ma'lumotlarning qisman raqibi senator Charlz Sumner. uch soatdan ortiq. U 9-aprelda qabul qilingan. Qo'shma Shtatlar 18-oktabr kuni Sitkada bayroqni almashtirish marosimida rasman egalik qilgan. Biroq, Senat tomonidan tayinlangan urush kotibi lavozimidan chetlatilganidan norozi bo'lgan Prezident Jonsonni qo'llab-quvvatlashdan bosh tortgan Palata a'zolari o'rtasida to'lovga qarshilik ko'rsatildi (Vakolat muddati to'g'risidagi qonunga zid ravishda). Uy 1868 yil fevral oyida impichment to'g'risidagi maqolalarga kirdi, lekin uni chetlatishga urinish muvaffaqiyatsiz tugadi. Oxir -oqibat 1868 yil 14 -iyulda zarur mablag'lar qabul qilindi. Keng ko'lamli tashviqot kampaniyalari va Steklning pora berishdan oqilona foydalanishi Kongressning har bir uyida kerakli ovozlarni oldi.

Alyaska 1877 yil iyunigacha AQSh armiyasi nazorati ostida qoldi, shundan so'ng u qisqa muddat G'aznachilik boshqarmasi, so'ngra turli harbiy idoralar tomonidan boshqarildi. Hududni egallab olgan ruslarning aksariyati doimiy yashovchilar emas edi va sotuvdan so'ng Rossiyaga qaytib kelishgan. Qolganlarga uch yil ichida AQSh fuqaroligini olish uchun ariza berish imkoniyati berildi, lekin ko'pchiligi oxir -oqibat ketishdi. Fuqarolik hukumati 1884 yil may oyida, hudud tumanga aylangandan keyin o'rnatildi. Alyaska 1959 yil 3 yanvarda ittifoqqa 49 -shtat sifatida qabul qilindi.

Britannica ensiklopediyasi muharrirlari Ushbu maqola yaqinda Geografiya va Tarix bo'yicha menejer Jeff Uollenfeldt tomonidan qayta ko'rib chiqilgan va yangilangan.


Bu kun tarixda: AQSh rasmiy ravishda Rossiyadan Alyaskani egalladi

Bu kun, tarixda, 1967 yil 18 oktyabrda, AQSh Rossiyadan Alyaskani rasmiy ravishda 7,2 million dollarga sotib olgach, rasmiy ravishda egalik qiladi, bu esa akrining 2 sentidan kam.

Xaridni prezident Jonson huzuridagi Davlat kotibi Uilyam Genri Styuard qo'llab -quvvatladi.

Alyaska hududini amerikalik ko'chmanchilar bosib olishdi va bu hudud raqib bilan jangda yo'qolishi mumkinligidan qo'rqib, Rossiya uni sotishga qaror qildi. Seward va Rossiyaning AQShdagi vaziri Eduard de Stekl o'rtasidagi muzokaralar 1867 yil mart oyida boshlangan.

Ko'pchilik, bu sotib olish noto'g'ri, deb o'ylardi, bu shunchaki bepusht er. Bu “Seward ’s ahmoqlik ” va “Andrew Jonsonning qutbli ayiq bog'i va#8221 deb nomlangan.

Oxir -oqibat Kongress Alyaska bitimini ratifikatsiya qildi va 1896 yilda Alyaskaning Klondike daryosining bir irmog'ida oltin topilganidan so'ng, ko'p odamlar Alyaska haqidagi fikrlarini o'zgartirishga kelishdi, natijada bu erga oltin yugurib ketdi.

1959 yil 3 -yanvarda Alyaska Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari uchun 49 -shtatga aylanadi.


AQSh 1867 yil 18 oktyabrda Alyaskani egalladi

1867 yilning shu kuni Qo'shma Shtatlar Rossiyadan Alyaskani 7,2 million dollarga yoki akrining ikki sentidan kamiga sotib olganidan keyin egallab oldi. Xarid 586,412 kvadrat milni tashkil etdi, bu maydon Texasdan ikki baravar katta.

U Prezident Endryu Jonson huzuridagi davlat kotibi Uilyam Genri Seward (1801-1872) tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlandi.

Ruslar kelajakda inglizlarga bo'lajak urushda uni yo'qotishdan ko'ra, aholisi kam bo'lgan hududni amerikaliklarga sotmoqchi edi. Seward va Rossiyaning AQShdagi vaziri Baron Eduard de Stekl o'rtasidagi muzokaralar 30 -martda yakunlandi.

Shartnoma "Sewardning ahmoqligi" va "Endryu Jonsonning qutbli ayiq bog'i" deb nomlangan. Jonson mashhur bo'lmaganiga qaramay, Kongress shunga qaramay sotib olishni ma'qulladi.

Jonson tinchlik va tartibni saqlash uchun Kongressni yaqinda fuqarolik tashkilotini tashkil etishini kutib, armiya generali Jefferson C. Devisni 500 kishi bilan yubordi. Garchi qonunchilar Alyaskani bojxona okrugiga aylantirgan bo'lsalar -da, fuqarolik infratuzilmasini yaratish uchun boshqa choralar ko'rmaganlar.

Kam sonli aholi va mahalliy aholi o'rtasidagi keskin munosabatlar dengiz kuchlarini tartibni saqlashga chaqirdi. Harbiy -dengiz kuchlari Alyaskani 1879 yildan 1884 yilgacha boshqargan, o'sha paytlarda aholining ko'p qismi shtatning janubi -sharqiy "panhandlida" yashagan.

1884 yilda birinchi organik qonun qabul qilinishi Alyaskani fuqarolik va sud okrugiga aylantirdi va hududni sudyalar, kotiblar va marshallar bilan ta'minladi. Shablon sifatida Oregon shtatining qonun kodeksi qabul qilindi. Umuman olganda, 13 ta amaldor 32000 aholiga javobgarlikni o'z zimmasiga oldi, ulardan atigi 430 tasi ko'chmanchilar edi.

Alyaskaliklar AQShning kelib chiqishini mart oyining oxirgi dushanba kuni nishonlangan Seward kuni va har yili shu kuni erni topshirish yilligini nishonlaydigan Alyaska kuni bilan nishonlaydilar. Alyaska 1959 yil 3 yanvarda 49 -shtat bo'ldi.

Oxirgi oshxonalarni sog'indingizmi? POLITICO Playbook -ga ro'yxatdan o'ting va eng yangi yangiliklarni har kuni ertalab - pochta qutingizga kiriting.


AK Srivastava (ShriAKS)

1867 yil 18 oktyabr: AQSh Rossiyadan 7,2 million dollarga yoki akrining ikki sentidan kamiga sotib olganidan keyin rasmiy ravishda Alyaskani egallab oldi. Alyaskani sotib olish 586,412 kvadrat milni tashkil etdi, bu Texasdan ikki barobar katta va Prezident Endryu Jonson boshchiligidagi g'ayratli davlat kotibi Uilyam Genri Seward tomonidan qo'llab -quvvatlandi.

Rossiya Alyaskaning chekka, aholisi kam va himoyasi qiyin bo'lgan hududini Buyuk Britaniya kabi raqibi bilan jangda yo'qotishdan ko'ra AQShga sotmoqchi edi. Seward (1801-1872) va Rossiyaning AQShdagi vaziri Eduard de Stekl o'rtasidagi muzokaralar 1867 yil mart oyida boshlangan. Biroq, Amerika jamoatchiligi bu erni bepusht va yaroqsiz deb hisoblab, "Seward's" deb nomlangan.
Boshqa noma'qul nomlar qatorida "jinnilik" va "Endryu Jonsonning qutbli ayiq bog'i". Loyihaga nisbatan ba'zi adovatlar prezident Jonsonning mashhurligidan kelib chiqqan bo'lishi mumkin. AQShning 17 -prezidenti sifatida Jonson Kongressda radikal respublikachilar bilan rekonstruksiya siyosati bo'yicha kurash olib bordi. Fuqarolar urushi. U 1868 yilda impichment e'lon qilindi va keyinchalik bir ovoz bilan oqlandi, shunga qaramay, Kongress oxir -oqibat Alyaska bitimini ratifikatsiya qildi.

1896 yilda Alyaskaning Klondike daryosining bir irmog'ida oltin topilganida, oltin shov -shuvga sabab bo'lganida, sotib olish haqidagi jamoatchilik fikri yanada qulayroq bo'ldi. Alyaska 1959 yil 3 yanvarda 49 -shtatga aylandi va hozirda o'zining ulkan tabiiy boyliklari bilan tan olingan. Bugungi kunda Amerika neftining 25 foizi va dengiz mahsulotlarining 50 foizdan ko'prog'i Alyaskadan keladi. Bu, shuningdek, mintaqadagi eng yirik shtat, quyi 48 shtatining beshdan bir qismiga to'g'ri keladi, garchi u kam yashaydi.


Tarkibi

Paleolit ​​oilalari Shimoliy Amerikaning shimoli -g'arbiy qismiga miloddan avvalgi 10 000 yil oldin Alyaskadagi Bering quruqlik ko'prigi orqali ko'chib o'tishgan (qarang: Amerika qit'asining qarorgohi). Alyaskada Inuitlar va turli xil mahalliy amerikalik guruhlar yashagan. Bugungi kunda erta alaskaliklar bir necha asosiy guruhlarga bo'lingan: janubi -sharqiy qirg'oq hindulari (Tlingit, Xayda va Tsimshian), Athabaskanlar, Aleutlar va Eskimosning ikki guruhi - Inupiat va Yup'ik. [2]

Osiyodan kelgan qirg'oq muhojirlari, ehtimol, Alyaskaning g'arbiy qismidagi Bering quruqlik ko'prigidan o'tgan odamlarning birinchi to'lqini edi va ularning ko'pchiligi dastlab hozirgi Kanadaning ichki qismiga joylashdilar. Tlingitlar bu guruhning eng ko'p sonli guruhlari bo'lib, ular Evropaga yaqinlashganda Panhandlning ko'p qismini egallab olishgan va Tinch okeanining shimoli -g'arbiy sohilining ilg'or madaniyatlari guruhining eng shimoliy qismi bo'lib, murakkab san'ati va siyosiy tizimlari, tantanali va huquqiy tizimlari bilan mashhur. potlatch deb nomlanuvchi tizim. Uels shahzodasi orolining janubiy qismiga qirolicha Sharlotta orollaridan boshqa Xaydalar ta'qibidan qochgan xaydalar joylashdi (hozir ular Xayda Gvay deb nomlanadi va Britaniya Kolumbiyasining bir qismi). Aleutlar taxminan 10 ming yil oldin Aleut zanjiri orollarini joylashtirgan.

Madaniy va tirikchilik amaliyotlari keng geografik masofalarga tarqalgan mahalliy guruhlar orasida juda xilma -xildir.

Erta rus aholi punkti Tartibga solish

18-asr boshlarida Rossiyaning tadqiqot ekspeditsiyalari Alyaskaga etib bordi va undan keyin mustamlakachi savdogarlar (ayniqsa mo'ynali savdogarlar) keldi. Ba'zi orollarda va Alyaska yarim orolining bir qismida rus savdogarlari guruhlari mahalliy aholi bilan nisbatan tinch yashashga qodir ekanliklarini isbotladilar. Boshqa guruhlar keskinlik va talablarni boshqara olmadi. Garovga olinganlar, qullar qulligi, oilalar parchalanishi va boshqa odamlar o'z qishloqlarini tashlab, boshqa joyga joylashishga majbur bo'lishdi. Bundan tashqari, ruslar bilan aloqaning dastlabki ikki avlodi davomida Aleut aholisining sakson foizi eski dunyo kasalliklaridan vafot etgan, ularga qarshi immuniteti yo'q edi. [3]

1784 yilda Grigoriy Ivanovich Shelixov Kodiak orolidagi uchta azizlar ko'rfaziga keldi, u erda Shelixov-Golikov kompaniyasini sotdi. [4] Shelixov va uning odamlari yuzlab mahalliy Konyagni o'ldirishdi, keyin Alyaskada birinchi orolning Uch aziz ko'rfazida ruslarning doimiy doimiy aholi punktiga asos solishdi. 1788 yilga kelib Shelixov va boshqalar katta hududda, shu jumladan Kuk Inlet atrofidagi materik hududlarida bir qancha rus aholi punktlarini qurdilar.

Ruslar eng qimmatbaho dengiz suvo'tlari-Kuril-Kamchatkan va Aleut dengiz otterlarining yashash joylarini nazoratga oldilar. Ularning mo'ynasi Tinch okeanining shimoli-g'arbiy sohilidagi va Kaliforniyadagi dengiz otterlariga qaraganda qalinroq, yaltiroq va qora edi. Shunday qilib, ruslar, 1788-yillarda, dengiz otterlarining yuqori navlari kamayib ketganidan keyingina, Tinch okeani sohili bo'ylab janubga qarab oldinga siljishdi. Ammo Rossiyaning shimoli-g'arbiy qirg'oqqa kirishi sekin edi, lekin kemalar va dengizchilar etishmasligi tufayli. Ruslar 1794 yilda Yakutat ko'rfaziga etib kelishdi va 1795 yilda u erda Slavorossiya aholi punktini qurishdi. Golikov-Shelixov kompaniyasining ingliz xodimi Jeyms Shilds qirolicha Sharlotta orollarigacha kashf qildi. 1795 yilda Aleksandr Baranov, 1790 yilda Shelixovning mo'ynali kiyimlarini ishlab chiqaruvchi korxonani boshqarishga yollanib, Sitka -Soundga suzib kirib, uni Rossiyaga da'vo qildi. Keyingi yillarda ovchilik partiyalari keldi va 1800 yilga kelib, Rossiyaning dengiz otter terilarining to'rtdan uch qismi Sitka Sound hududidan keldi. 1799 yil iyul oyida Baranov qaytib keldi. iqtibos kerak ] brigada Orol va aholi punktini o'rnatdi Arxangelsk. 1802 yilda Tlingits tomonidan vayron qilingan, lekin 1804 yilda yaqinda qayta qurilgan Novo-Arxangelsk (Ruscha: Novarxangelsk, yoqilgan "Yangi bosh farishta"). Tez orada u Rossiya Amerikasining asosiy aholi punkti va mustamlaka poytaxtiga aylandi. (Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari 1867 yilda Alyaskani sotib olgandan so'ng, Novoarxangelsk nomi o'zgartirildi. kim tomonidan? ] Sitka va Alyaska hududining birinchi poytaxti bo'ldi. [5])

Missionerlik faoliyatini tahrirlash

Mo'ynali kiyim-kechak savdogarlari 1740–1780-yillarda rus pravoslav cherkovini (marosimlari va muqaddas matnlari Aleutga juda erta tarjima qilingan) norasmiy ravishda tanishtirdilar. 1784 yilda Uch Azizlar ko'rfaziga joylashganda, Shelikov birinchi yashovchi missionerlar va ruhoniylarni tanishtirdi. Bu missionerlik faoliyati 19 -asrgacha davom etib, oxir -oqibat eng ko'zga ko'ringan izga aylanadi [ iqtibos kerak ] hozirgi Alyaskadagi rus mustamlakasi davrining.

Ispaniya da'vosi Edit

Ispaniyaning Alyaska viloyatiga da'vosi 1493 yildagi papa buqasiga tegishli, lekin hech qachon mustamlaka, qal'alar yoki aholi punktlari bilan bog'liq emas. Buning o'rniga, Madrid bu hududni o'rganish va uni Ispaniyaga da'vo qilish uchun turli dengiz ekspeditsiyalarini yubordi. 1775 yilda Bruno de Xezeta ekspeditsiyani boshqargan Sonora, Bodega y Quadra ostida, oxir -oqibat shimoliy 58 ° kenglikka etib, Sitka Sound -ga kirdi va rasman Ispaniya uchun bu hududni da'vo qildi. 1779 yildagi Ignasio de Arteaga va Bodega y Quadra ekspeditsiyasi Xinchinbruk orolidagi Port Etchesga etib keldi va shahzoda Uilyam Sondga kirdi. Ular shimoliy 61 ° kenglikda, Ispaniya erishgan eng shimoliy nuqtaga etib kelishdi.

1789 yildagi Nootka inqirozi Buyuk Britaniya va Ispaniya o'rtasida deyarli urushga olib keldi: Britaniya Ispaniyaning Britaniya Kolumbiyasidagi erlarga bo'lgan da'vosini rad etdi va Ispaniya ba'zi ingliz kemalarini tortib oldi. Inqiroz Madridda 1790-1794 yillardagi Nootka konventsiyalari bilan hal qilindi, unga ko'ra Buyuk Britaniya va Ispaniya savdogarlari shimoli-g'arbiy sohilda ishlashlari mumkin edi, qo'lga olingan ingliz kemalari qaytariladi va tovon to'lanadi. Bu Buyuk Britaniyaning g'alabasini ko'rsatdi va Ispaniya Tinch okeanining shimoliy qismidan chiqib ketdi. [7] U 1819 yildagi Adams-Onis shartnomasida AQShdagi o'z da'volarini AQShga topshirdi. Bugungi kunda Ispaniyaning Alyaskadagi merosi Malaspina muzligi, Valdez va Kordova shaharlari orasida bir nechta joy nomlaridan iborat. .

Buyuk Britaniyaning mavjudligi Tahrir

O'sha paytda Alyaskadagi ingliz aholi punktlari bir necha tarqoq savdo punktlaridan iborat edi, ko'pchilik ko'chmanchilar dengiz orqali kelgan. Kapitan Jeyms Kuk, 1778 yilda uchinchi va oxirgi kashfiyot safarining o'rtalarida, Shimoliy Amerikaning g'arbiy sohillari bo'ylab HMS kemasida suzib ketdi. Ruxsat, o'sha paytdagi Ispaniya Kaliforniyasidan Bering bo'g'ozigacha. Safar davomida u Alyaska suvlarida Kuk Inlet (1794 yilda uning qo'mondonligida xizmat qilgan Jorj Vankuver tomonidan Kuk sharafiga nomlangan) deb nomlangan narsani kashf etdi. Bering bo'g'ozidan o'tish qiyin bo'lgan Ruxsat va uning sherigi HMS kemasi Kashfiyot orqali suzib o'tishga bir necha bor urinishdi. 1779 yilda ingliz kemalari bo'g'ozdan chiqib, Gavayiga qaytdi.

Kukning ekspeditsiyasi inglizlarni ispanlardan keyin shimoliy-g'arbiy sohil bo'ylab (Tinch okeanining shimoli-sharqiy qirg'og'i) suzib yurishlarini ko'paytirishga undadi. Hudson Bay ko'rfazi kompaniyasiga tegishli Alyaskadagi postlar Yukon daryosining Fort-Yukon shahrida, Taku daryosining og'zida Fort-Durham (aka Fort Taku) va Stikine daryosining og'ziga yaqin Fort-Stikin (Wrangell bilan bog'liq) da ishlagan. 19-asr boshlarida).

Keyinchalik rus aholi punkti va rus-amerika kompaniyasi (1799-1867) Tartibga solish

1799 yilda Shelixovning kuyovi Nikolay Petrovich Rezanov Chor Pol I dan Amerika mo'ynasi savdosining monopoliyasini oldi va rus-amerika kompaniyasini tuzdi. Shartnoma doirasida podshoh kompaniyadan Alyaskada yangi aholi punktlari ochilishini va mustamlakachilikning kengaytirilgan dasturini amalga oshirishini kutgan.

1804 yilga kelib, hozirda rus -amerika kompaniyasining menejeri Aleksandr Baranov Sitka jangida mahalliy Tlingit klani ustidan qozonilgan g'alabadan so'ng, kompaniyaning Amerika mo'yna savdosini mustahkamladi. Bu urinishlarga qaramay, ruslar hech qachon Alyaskani to'liq mustamlaka qilishmagan. 1833 yilda Rossiya Amerikasining janubiy chekkasida post o'rnatgan Gudson Bay kompaniyasi Rossiya savdo monopoliyasini ham zaiflashtirdi.

1818 yilda rus-amerika kompaniyasini boshqarish Rossiya imperatorlik flotiga topshirildi va 1821 yilgi Ukase chet elliklarning Alyaska iqtisodiyotida ishtirok etishini taqiqladi. Tez orada u ingliz savdogarlariga Alyaskada savdo qilishga ruxsat bergan 1825 yilgi Angliya-Rossiya konventsiyasiga kirdi. Konventsiya, shuningdek, Alyaska va Britaniya Shimoliy Amerika o'rtasidagi chegaraning ko'p qismini hal qildi.

1824 yildagi rus-amerikalik shartnomasi 54 ° 40 'shimoliy kenglikdan yuqori bo'lgan amerikalik savdogarlarni taqiqlab qo'ydi.

Rossiya Amerika cho'qqisida rus aholisi 700 ga etdi.

19 -asr o'rtalari Alyaskadagi ruslar uchun yaxshi vaqt bo'lmasa -da, aloqadan omon qolgan qirg'oq Alyaska aholisi uchun sharoit yaxshilandi. Tlingitlar hech qachon bosib olinmagan va 1850 -yillarga qadar ruslarga qarshi urushni davom ettirgan. Aleutlar, 1840 -yillarda aholining kamayishiga duch kelgan bo'lsa -da, oxir -oqibat qayta tiklandi.

Alyaska sotib olish tahrir

Rossiyadagi moliyaviy qiyinchiliklar, Alyaska bilan savdo -sotiqdan tushgan daromadning pastligi va Alyaskani inglizlar qo'lidan ushlab qolishning muhim istagi Rossiyaning o'z mol -mulkini Shimoliy Amerikada sotishga tayyorligini ko'rsatdi. AQSh Davlat kotibi Uilyam Sewardning tashabbusi bilan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Senati 1867 yil 1 -avgustda Rossiyadan Alyaskani 7,2 million dollarga sotib olishni ma'qulladi (2020 yilda taxminan 133 million dollarga teng). Bu sotib olish AQShda "Sewardning ahmoqligi", "Sewardning muz qutisi" yoki "Endryu Jonsonning qutbli ayiq bog'i" nomi bilan mashhur bo'lgan va o'sha paytda ba'zi odamlar orasida mashhur bo'lmagan. Keyinchalik oltin va neftning kashf etilishi uning qimmatga tushishini ko'rsatadi. Olimlar Alyaskani sotib olish federal G'aznachilik uchun moliyaviy jihatdan foydali bo'ladimi yoki yo'qmi, munozara qiladilar, bundan Alyaskaliklar va korxonalar va milliy mudofaa uchun foydasi yo'q. [8] [ yaxshiroq manba kerak ]

Alyaska bo'limi (1867-1884) Tahrir

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bayrog'i 1867 yil 18 -oktabrda ko'tarilgan, hozirda Alyaska kuni deb nomlangan va mintaqa Julian taqvimidan Grigoriy taqvimiga o'zgargan. Shuning uchun, aholi uchun 1867 yil 6 oktyabr juma, 1867 yil 18 oktyabr juma kuni-taqvimning 12 kunlik almashinuvi sanasi bo'yicha bir kunlik minus ketma-ketligi sababli ketma-ket ikki juma kuni bo'lib o'tdi. [9]

Departament davrida, 1867 yildan 1884 yilgacha, Alyaska har xil darajada AQSh armiyasi (1877 yilgacha), 1877 yildan 1879 yilgacha AQSh G'aznachilik departamenti va 1879 yildan 1884 yilgacha AQSh dengiz floti yurisdiksiyasida edi. Alyaskaning fuqarolik boshqaruvi. 1877 yilda Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Moliya vazirligi qoshida boshlangan. Bojxona yig'uvchisi AQSh Prezidenti tomonidan tayinlangan. Kolleksioner Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari hukumatining Alyaskadagi eng yuqori martabali amaldori va amalda gubernator edi. Genri C. DeAhna, sobiq Ittifoq armiyasi ofitseri va Mottrom D. Ball, Konfederatsiya armiyasining sobiq ofitseri, bojxona yig'uvchisi sifatida xizmat qilgan birinchi shaxslar edi.

Alyaska birinchi marta sotib olinganida, uning ko'p erlari o'rganilmagan. 1865 yilda Western Union Alyaska orqali Bering bo'g'oziga telegraf chizig'ini o'tkazdi, u erda suv ostida Osiyo chizig'i bilan bog'landi. Shuningdek, u mintaqaning birinchi ilmiy tadqiqotlarini o'tkazdi va butun Yukon daryosining birinchi xaritasini yaratdi. Alyaska tijorat kompaniyasi va harbiylari, shuningdek, 19 -asrning so'nggi o'n yilliklarida Alyaskada kashfiyotlarning kuchayishiga hissa qo'shib, ichki daryolar bo'ylab savdo punktlari qurdilar.

Alyaska okrugi (1884–1912) Tahrir

1884 yilda viloyat tashkil etildi va uning nomi Alyaska departamentidan Alyaska okrugiga o'zgartirildi. O'sha paytda Vashingtondagi qonun chiqaruvchilar fuqarolar urushidan keyingi rekonstruksiya masalalari bilan band edilar va Alyaskaga vaqt ajratishga vaqtlari kam edi. 1896 yilda qo'shni Kanadadagi Yukon o'lkasida oltin topilishi minglab konchilar va yangi ko'chmanchilarni Alyaskaga olib keldi va mamlakatning to'rt yillik iqtisodiy tushkunligini tezda tugatdi. Alyaskada ham oltin topiladimi yoki yo'qmi noma'lum bo'lsa -da, Alyaska katta foyda ko'rdi, chunki u Yukon oltin konlariga transportning eng oson yo'li edi. Alyaskaning Skagvay kabi ko'plab yangi shaharlari Kanadadagi oltin shoshilinchligi tufayli borligiga qarzdor. Alyaskadagi eng yirik jinoiy imperiyani boshqargan jinoyat boshlig'i, ishongan odam Soapi Smit, Juneau isrofidagi mashhur Shootoutda hushyorlar tomonidan otib tashlandi. U "Alyaskaning qonunbuzari" nomi bilan mashhur.

1899 yilda Alyaskaning o'zida Nome shahrida oltin topildi va keyinchalik Fairbanks va Ruby kabi bir qancha shahar qurila boshladi. 1902 yilda Alyaska temir yo'li qurila boshlandi, u 1914 yilga kelib Sewarddan Fairbanksga ulanishi mumkin edi, garchi Alyaskada hali ham quyi 48 shtatga bog'laydigan temir yo'l yo'q. Shunday bo'lsa -da, quruqlikdagi yo'l qurilib, qo'shni davlatlarga transport vaqtini kunlarga qisqartirdi. Mis qazib olish, baliqchilik va konserva sanoati 20 -asrning boshlarida mashhur bo'la boshladi, ba'zi yirik shaharlarda 10 ta konserva zavodi.

1903 yilda Kanada bilan chegaraviy nizo nihoyat hal qilindi.

20 -asrning boshlariga kelib, tijorat baliq ovlash Aleut orollarida o'z o'rnini topdi. Qadoqlash joylari tuzlangan treska va seld, tuzlangan qizil ikra konservalari ochildi. Boshqa tijorat mashg'uloti-kit ovlash, ortiqcha ovlashga e'tibor bermay davom etdi. Ular kamonli kitlarni to'qima yog'i uchun yo'qolib ketish yoqasiga surishdi. Aleutlar tez orada omon qolish uchun zarur bo'lgan mo'yna muhrlari va dengiz otterlari kamayib ketganligi sababli jiddiy muammolarga duch kelishdi. Oziq -ovqat uchun go'shtni talab qilish bilan bir qatorda, ular qayiqlarini yopish uchun teridan ham foydalangan, ularsiz ov qilolmaganlar. Amerikaliklar, shuningdek, ichki va Arktik Alyaskaga kirib, mahalliy aholi qaram bo'lgan ovchilar, baliqlar va boshqa o'yinlardan foydalanishdi.

Alyaska hududi (1912–1959) Tahrir

Kongress qabul qilganda Ikkinchi organik qonun 1912 yilda Alyaska qayta tashkil etildi va Alyaska hududi deb nomlandi. [10] 1916 yilga kelib uning aholisi 58 mingga yaqin edi. Kongress delegati Jeyms Uikershem Alyaskaning birinchi davlat tuzilishi haqidagi qonun loyihasini kiritdi, lekin u aholining kamligi va Alyaskaliklarning qiziqishi yo'qligi tufayli muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi. Hatto prezident Uorren G. Xardingning 1923 yildagi tashrifi ham davlatchilikka keng qiziqish uyg'otolmadi. Ikkinchi organik qonun shartlariga ko'ra, Alyaska to'rt qismga bo'lingan. Poytaxti Junau bo'lgan bo'linmalarning eng gavjumi, u boshqa uchtadan alohida davlatga aylanishi mumkinmi, deb o'ylardi. Hukumat nazorati asosiy tashvish edi, uning hududida 52 federal agentlik bor edi.

Keyin, 1920 yilda Jons qonuni AQSh bayrog'i ostidagi kemalarni AQShda qurilishi, AQSh fuqarolariga tegishli bo'lishi va AQSh qonunlari bilan hujjatlashtirilgan bo'lishi shart edi. Alyaskaga kiradigan yoki undan chiqadigan barcha tovarlar amerikalik tashuvchilar tomonidan tashilishi va keyingi jo'natilishidan oldin Sietlga jo'natilishi kerak edi, bu esa Alyaskani Vashingtonga qaram qilib qo'ydi. AQSh Oliy sudi, Konstitutsiyaning bir shtat boshqasining tijoratini boshqarmasligi kerak degan qoidaga amal qilmadi, chunki Alyaska faqat hudud edi. Vaziyatdan foydalanib, Sietl yuk tashish korxonalari narxlari ko'tarila boshladi. Bu holat Sietldagi biznes -xoldinglar qo'liga tushgan mehnatlari natijasida boylik yig'ilganini ko'rgan alyaskaliklar o'rtasida adovat muhitini yaratdi.

1923 yil iyul oyida Uorren Xarding Tinch okeanining shimoli -g'arbiy qismida "Tushunish sayohati" doirasida Alyaskaga tashrif buyurgan birinchi o'tirgan prezident bo'ldi. "Harding Sietldan qayiq bilan keldi va Sewarddan Fairbanksga ketadigan poezd orqali hududda to'qqizta to'xtab qoldi. Harding oltin temir yo'l bilan Nenanaga bordi, u mingan poyezd vagonlari endi Fairbanks pionerlar bog'ida o'tirdi. [11]

Depressiya o'sha paytda Alyaska iqtisodiyoti uchun muhim bo'lgan baliq va mis narxlarining pasayishiga olib keldi. Ish haqi pasaytirildi va ishchi kuchi yarmidan ko'piga kamaydi. 1935 yilda prezident Franklin D. Ruzvelt qishloq xo'jaligining o'z-o'zini ta'minlash uchun yangi imkoniyat uchun qishloq xo'jaligidagi amerikaliklarni Alyaskaning Matanuska-Susitna vodiysiga ko'chirish mumkin deb o'yladi. Kolonistlar asosan shimoliy shtatlardan, masalan, Michigan, Viskonsin va Minnesota shtatlaridan edi, ishonishicha, faqat Alyaskaga o'xshash iqlim sharoitida o'sganlar ko'chmanchi hayotini boshqarishi mumkin. Birlashgan Kongoni takomillashtirish assotsiatsiyasi prezidentdan Alyaskaga 400 afro-amerikalik dehqonni joylashtirishni so'radi, bu hudud to'liq siyosiy huquqlarga ega bo'lishini aytdi, lekin irqiy xurofot va faqat shimoliy shtatlardagilar tegishli kolonistlar qiladi, degan taklif muvaffaqiyatsizlikka olib keldi.

Alyaskani qidirish va joylashtirish, shtatning ichki qismiga ko'chmanchilar oqimi va odamlarni va yuklarni tez tashish imkonini beradigan samolyotni ishlab chiqmasdan turib, imkonsiz bo'lardi. Biroq, shtatning noqulay ob-havo sharoiti va uchuvchilarning yuqori nisbati tufayli 1700 dan ortiq samolyot halokatga uchragan joylar uning hududida tarqalgan. Ko'plab vayronalar, shuningdek, Ikkinchi Jahon urushi va Sovuq urush davrida davlatning harbiy tuzilishi bilan bog'liq.

Ikkinchi jahon urushi tahriri

Ikkinchi jahon urushi paytida tashqi Aleut orollarining ikkitasi - Attu va Kiska yapon qo'shinlari tomonidan bosib olindi. Ular qit'a Qo'shma Shtatlarining urush paytida dushman davlat tomonidan bosib olingan va bosib olingan yagona qismlari edi. Ularning tiklanishi milliy g'urur masalasiga aylandi.

1942 yil 3 -iyunda yaponlar AQShning Unalaska orolidagi harbiy -dengiz bazasi bo'lgan Golland -Harborga havo hujumini uyushtirdilar, biroq amerikalik kuchlar tomonidan qaytarildi. [12] Bir necha kundan so'ng, yaponlar Kiska va Attu orollariga qo'ndi va u erda Attu qishloq aholisini bosib ketdi. Qishloq aholisi Yaponiyaga olib ketildi va u erda urushning qolgan qismida internirlangan. Pribiloflar va Aleut qishloqlarining alleutlari AQSh tomonidan Alyaskaning janubi -sharqiga evakuatsiya qilindi. U erda ko'p yillik ikki yillik internatda ko'pchilik azob chekdi va ularga g'amxo'rlik qilingan federal hukumat sog'liqni saqlash, oziq -ovqat va boshpana bilan etarli darajada ta'minlamadi. [13]

Attu 1943 yil may oyida ikki hafta davom etgan keskin janglar va 3929 amerikaliklar qurbonlaridan so'ng tiklandi: [14] 549 kishi o'lgan, 1148 kishi jarohatlangan va 1200 og'ir sovuqdan, 614 kishi kasallikdan va 318 kishi turli sabablarga ko'ra o'lgan, [15] keyin AQSh e'tiborini qaratgan. boshqa bosib olingan orolga - Kiska. Iyundan avgustgacha mayda orolga ko'plab bombalar tashlandi, garchi yaponlar transport kemalari orqali qochib qutulishdi. Urushdan so'ng, internatlardan omon qolgan mahalliy attuanlar federal hukumat tomonidan Atka shahriga joylashtirildi, ular o'z qishloqlarini himoya qilish uchun juda olis deb hisobladilar.

1942 yilda Alyaska -Kanada harbiy magistrali qurib bitkazildi, qisman Bering bo'g'ozining boshqa tarafida Sovet Ittifoqiga quruqlikdan etkazib berish yo'lini tashkil etdi. [16] Montana shtatining Great Falls shahridan Fairbanksgacha yugurib boradigan yo'l Alyaska va Amerikaning qolgan qismi o'rtasidagi birinchi barqaror aloqa edi. Adak bazasi kabi harbiy bazalarning qurilishi Alyaskaning ba'zi shaharlarining aholi sonining ko'payishiga yordam berdi. Ankraj hajmi deyarli ikki barobarga oshdi, 1940 yildagi 4200 kishidan 1945 yilda 8000 kishiga.

Davlat tuzilishi

20 -asrning boshlariga kelib, Alyaskaning davlatchiligini qo'zg'atadigan harakat boshlandi, lekin 48 ta shtatda qonun chiqaruvchilar Alyaskaning aholisi juda siyrak, uzoq va yakkalanib qolganidan, iqtisodiyoti beqaror bo'lganidan xavotirda edilar. Qo'shma Shtatlarga qo'shimcha. [17] Ikkinchi Jahon urushi va Yaponiya bosqini Alyaskaning strategik ahamiyatini ko'rsatdi va davlatchilik masalasiga jiddiyroq qaraldi, lekin Kenay yarim orolidagi Svonson daryosidan neft topilishi Alyaskaning kuchsiz, qaram bo'lib qolgan qiyofasini yo'qqa chiqardi. mintaqa. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Alaska Statehood Act into United States law on July 4, 1958, [18] which paved the way for Alaska's admission into the Union on January 3, 1959. Juneau, the territorial capital, continued as state capital, and William A. Egan was sworn in as the first governor.

Alaska does not have counties, unlike every other American state except Louisiana. (Louisiana has parishes). Instead, it is divided into 16 boroughs and one "unorganized borough" made up of all land not within any borough. Boroughs have organized area-wide governments, but within the unorganized borough, where there is no such government, services are provided by the state. The unorganized borough is divided into artificially-created census areas by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes only. [ betaraflik haqida bahs yuritiladi]

Pioneering conditions in Alaska awoke ingenuity leading to invention of the Alaskan sawmill, an attachment to a chainsaw letting it be used to cut a felled tree into neat parallel-sided planks or boards.

1964 earthquake Edit

On March 27, 1964 the Good Friday earthquake struck South-central Alaska, churning the earth for four minutes with a magnitude of 9.2. The earthquake was one of the most powerful ever recorded and killed 139 people. [19] Most of them were drowned by the tsunamis that tore apart the towns of Valdez and Chenega. Throughout the Prince William Sound region, towns and ports were destroyed and land was uplifted or shoved downward. The uplift destroyed salmon streams, as the fish could no longer jump the various newly created barriers to reach their spawning grounds. Ports at Valdez and Cordova were beyond repair, and the fires destroyed what the mudslides had not. At Valdez, an Alaska Steamship Company ship was lifted by a huge wave over the docks and out to sea, but most hands survived. At Turnagain Arm, off Cook Inlet, the incoming water destroyed trees and caused cabins to sink into the mud. On Kodiak, a tsunami wiped out the villages of Afognak, Old Harbor, and Kaguyak and damaged other communities, while Seward lost its harbor. Despite the extent of the catastrophe, Alaskans rebuilt many of the communities.

North to the Future Edit

"North to the Future" is the official state motto of Alaska, adopted in 1967 for the centennial of the Alaska Purchase. As one of the events leading up to the celebration, the Alaska Centennial Commission sponsored a contest in 1963 to come up with a centennial motto and emblem that would express the unique character of the State of Alaska. They offered a $300.00 (which is about $2000 in 2010 dollars [20] ) prize to the winning entry. 761 entries were received by the Commission. In December 1963, the commission announced that they had selected Juneau journalist Richard Peter's suggestion. He stated that the motto ". is a reminder that beyond the horizon of urban clutter there is a Great Land beneath our flag that can provide a new tomorrow for this century's 'huddled masses yearning to be free'." The motto represents a visionary optimism for a state filled with promise promoting the State of Alaska by advising that the future lies with the next-to-the-last United States star located to the north of the Lower 48.

1968 – present: oil and land politics Edit

Oil discovery, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA), and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Edit

The 1968 discovery of oil on the North Slope's Prudhoe Bay—which would turn out to have the most recoverable oil of any field in the United States—would change Alaska's political landscape for decades.

This discovery catapulted the issue of Native land ownership into the headlines. [21] In the mid-1960s, Alaska Natives from many tribal groups had united in an effort to gain title to lands wrested from them by Europeans, but the government had responded slowly before the Prudhoe Bay discovery. The government finally took action when permitting for a pipeline crossing the state, necessary to get Alaskan oil to market, was stalled pending the settlement of Native land claims.

In 1971, with major petroleum dollars on the line, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was signed into law by Richard Nixon. Under the Act, Natives relinquished aboriginal claims to their lands in exchange for access to 44 million acres (180,000 km²) of land and payment of $963 million. [22] The settlement was divided among regional, urban, and village corporations, which managed their funds with varying degrees of success.

Though a pipeline from the North Slope to the nearest ice-free port, almost 800 miles (1,300 km) to the south, was the only way to get Alaska's oil to market, significant engineering challenges lay ahead. Between the North Slope and Valdez, there were active fault lines, three mountain ranges, miles of unstable, boggy ground underlain with frost, and migration paths of caribou and moose. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline was ultimately completed in 1977 at a total cost of $8 billion.

The pipeline allowed an oil bonanza to take shape. Per capita incomes rose throughout the state, with virtually every community benefiting. State leaders were determined that this boom would not end like the fur and gold booms, in an economic bust as soon as the resource had disappeared. In 1976, the state's constitution was amended to establish the Alaska Permanent Fund, in which a quarter of all mineral lease proceeds is invested. Income from the fund is used to pay annual dividends to all residents who qualify, to increase the fund's principal as a hedge against inflation, and to provide funds for the state legislature. [ iqtibos kerak ] Since 1993, the fund has produced more money than the Prudhoe Bay oil fields, whose production is diminishing. In March 2005 [update] , the fund's value was over $30 billion.

Environmentalism, the Exxon Valdez, and ANWR Edit

Oil production was not the only economic value of Alaska's land, however. In the second half of the 20th century, Alaska discovered tourism as an important source of revenue. Tourism became popular after World War II, when military personnel stationed in the region returned home praising its natural splendor. The Alcan Highway, built during the war, and the Alaska Marine Highway System, completed in 1963, made the state more accessible than before. Tourism became increasingly important in Alaska, and today over 1.4 million people visit the state each year.

With tourism more vital to the economy, environmentalism also rose in importance. The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) of 1980 added 53.7 million acres (217,000 km²) to the National Wildlife Refuge system, parts of 25 rivers to the National Wild and Scenic Rivers system, 3.3 million acres (13,000 km²) to National Forest lands, and 43.6 million acres (176,000 km²) to National Park land. Because of the Act, Alaska now contains two-thirds of all American national parklands. Today, more than half of Alaskan land is owned by the Federal Government.


Statehood and a disclaimer

Eventually, however, the situation improved markedly for Natives.

Alaska finally became a state in 1959, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Alaska Statehood Act, allotting it 104 million acres of the territory. And in an unprecedented nod to the rights of Alaska’s indigenous populations, the act contained a clause emphasizing that citizens of the new state were declining any right to land subject to Native title – which by itself was a very thorny topic because they claimed the entire territory.

A result of this clause was that in 1971 President Richard Nixon ceded㺬 million acres of federal land, along with $1 billion, to Alaska’s native populations, which numbered around 75,000 at the time. That came after a Land Claims Task Force that I chaired gave the state ideas about how to resolve the issue.

Today Alaska has a population of 740,000, of which 120,000 are Natives.

As the United States celebrates the signing of the Treaty of Cession, we all – Alaskans, Natives and Americans of the lower 48 – should salute Secretary of State William H. Seward, the man who eventually brought democracy and the rule of law to Alaska.


This article was originally published on The Conversation.

William L. Iggiagruk Hensley is a Visiting Distinguished Professor at the University of Alaska Anchorage


Gun laws in Alaska

The U.S. state of Alaska has very permissive gun laws, and very few regulations regarding the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition compared to those in most of the contiguous United States. Alaska was the first state to adopt carry laws modeled after those of Vermont, where no license is required to carry a handgun either openly or concealed. However, permits are still issued to residents, allowing reciprocity with other states [1] and exemption from the Federal Gun Free School Zone Act. [2] The legal stipulation that gun permits are issued but not required is referred to by gun rights advocates as an "Alaska carry," as opposed to a "Vermont carry" (yoki "Constitutional carry"), where gun licenses are neither issued nor required. Some city ordinances do not permit concealed carry without a license, but these have been invalidated by the recent [ qachon? ] state preemption statute. [3]

Alaska prohibits any type of carry in schools, domestic violence shelters, courts, and correctional institutions. Carrying is also prohibited in any place where alcohol is served for on-site consumption, with an exception for restaurants that serve alcohol, as long as one is not consuming alcohol while carrying. When encountering a police officer, a person carrying a concealed weapon is required by law to inform the officer they are carrying, and to cooperate if the officer chooses to temporarily seize the gun for the length of the encounter. The possession of any firearm while intoxicated is illegal. [4]

On July 9, 2010, Governor Sean Parnell signed the Alaska Firearms Freedom Act (HB 186), declaring that certain firearms and accessories are exempt from federal regulation and made it unlawful for any state assets to go toward the enforcement of federal gun laws, an act of de facto nullification. [5] The text can be read here. [6] On September 10, 2013, Governor Parnell signed HB 69, which amended and expanded HB 186. [7] [8] The text can be read here. [9]


Alyaska sotib olish

William H. Seward was a driving force behind the purchase of Alaska from the Russians. Image credit: Everett Collection/Shutterstock

After the Crimean War (1853-1856), the Russian Empire under Emperor Alexander II realized they could not defend Alaska from being conquered in the future by their main rival, the British. Russia did not wish to have the British as their next-door neighbors just across the Bering Sea. Therefore, the Russian government decided to sell Alaska to the US as a means of keeping away the British. Although the sale was discussed in 1857-1858, no deal was reached as the US considered the Civil War a priority at the time.

In the following years, America entered into serious discussions with Russia over the sale of Alaska. The initial negotiations involved, among others, the Russian diplomat Eduard de Stoeckl and John Appleton, then assistant Secretary of State. Following the US victory in the Civil War, Russia and the US re-entered into fresh negotiations. This time, William H. Seward led the negotiations, which began in March 1867. The negotiations were concluded by the signing of a treaty in the early morning of March 30, 1867. The purchase price was set at two cents per acre or $7.2 million. On October 18, 1867, Alaska was officially transferred, with the lowering of the Russian flag and the raising of the American flag.


Last shot: Alaska’s odd role at the end of the Civil War

Americans are being carpet-bombed by stories about Juneteenth, celebrating the day that 155 years ago the final fighters of the Civil War got the memo that the slaves were emancipated. We’ll leave that to the other pundits to discuss, because we’ve got our own Civil War history in Alaska to review.

While Texas was just getting word of the end of the war on this day in 1865, a Confederate war ship was still prosecuting a sponsored piracy campaign and taking down the commerce of the Union whaling industry.

Few in America have heard of Alaska’s unique role in the end of the Civil War.

In June of 1865, the Confederate raiding ship CSS Shenandoah was underway toward St. Lawrence Island, in the Western Bering Sea, where Yankee whaling ships were working.

The war ship was burning and sinking the U.S. whaling fleet in its path after the captain of the Shenandoah had gotten rough coordinates for where the Yankee whalers were working. He took them from a whaling ship in the North Pacific.

By this time in 1865, the Shenandoah had destroyed a number of these American whaling ships — as many as 20.

On June 22, 1865 the Shenandoah fired what is said in some accounts to be “the last shot” of the Civil War, aiming upon Yankee whalers, some 74 days after General Robert E. Lee had surrendered his Confederate forces at the Appomattox courthouse, and nearly two months after Confederate Army had actually ended the war on land.

There are lots of credible sources that say the event occurred on June 28, 1865, and that whaling ships were still being burned and sunk right and left on June 22, but most historians agree on one thing: This was a well-executed mission and it decimated the whaling fleet.

When Commanding Officer Lt. James Iredell Waddell of the Shenandoah learned of the South’s surrender, he made his way south. Some accounts say he didn’t believe the war was over and was heading to the young state of California to shell San Francisco, another commercial center. California had supplied thousands of soldiers for the Union war effort, and troops from California had pushed the Confederate Army out of Arizona and New Mexico in 1862.

On the way south, his ship encountered a British ship that confirmed the war had ended and that if he showed back up in the United States he would be tried and hanged.

By this time, Waddell had a bounty on his head and he decided to sail his teak-hulled war ship on to Liverpool, England, where he surrendered on Nov. 6, 1865.

Waddell’s was the last surrender of the Civil War, and he presided over the lowering of the Confederate flag on his ship while at anchor on the River Mersey.

The ship itself was put in the custody of the British government via a letter that Captain Waddell penned himself and walked up the steps to the Liverpool Town Hall, presenting it to the Mayor of Liverpool.

The Shenandoah is the only Confederate ship to circumnavigate the globe. Her flag is now in the possession of the American Civil War Museum, which brings it out only occasionally, due to its size.

The Shenandoah’s flag kamdan -kam uchraydi displayed due to its size (roughly 7 feet x 12 feet).

The Shenandoah, which was commissioned to destroy the commerce of the North, had spent nearly a year at sea and had captured 38 ships — two thirds of them after the Confederacy had surrendered. Waddell had reportedly taken more than 1,000 Union prisoners.

The history of how the news reached Captain Waddell is conflicted. The Civil War Museum says that raids continued in Alaska, which was in Russian ownership at the time, until August.

After the Civil War ended, the whaling business fell on hard times, as it was no longer essential to the war effort, and with so many of the Union whaling vessels destroyed, America lost footing in the world as a leader in shipping.

And now, 155 years later, Democrats are destroying the monuments to their Confederate war heroes, and, ironically, they are still trying to destroy United States commerce. Also somewhat ironically, Republicans are still trying to respect the confederacy and its history, because it is the history of the nation.

Alaska had a unique role back in the 1860s. It was not American territory, but it soon became part of the United States under the advocacy of abolitionist William Seward, secretary of State for President Abraham Lincoln. Democrats in Alaska are now trying to remove the statue of Seward from in front of the Capitol.

A nation should be able to talk about its Civil War without getting into another one. The important lesson is that we learn from history, so that we don’t repeat it.

Suzanne Downing is editor and publisher of Must Read Alaska and writes a Must Read America column for NewsMax.


Timeline: Notable moments in 40 years of Alaska's history with marijuana

When men and women took their clipboards, pens and paper to the streets in 2013 to begin collecting signatures for yet another Alaska voter initiative to legalize marijuana in the Last Frontier, some were left scratching their heads. How legal is marijuana in Alaska already? they wondered. Well, it's complicated. Over time, a great deal of gray area has developed when it comes to the enforcement of Alaska laws against the green.

The uncertainty has even predated Alaska's statehood. Even the man mostly responsible for the nation's first laws against marijuana was uncertain about where Alaska's laws stood.

During testimony before members of Congress in 1937 on behalf of prohibiting marijuana, a substance "about as harmless as a rattlesnake," Commissioner of Narcotics Henry Anslinger was asked if any of the territories had laws against its use.

"Hawaii has a law. I cannot tell you about Alaska. Puerto Rico does have a law. The only place I am not sure about is Alaska," he said. By the 1960s the nation was deep into drug culture the youth used it as a symbol of social rebellion, and in the midst of a morally diverse war, a sign of protest. Though Alaska was new to the nation, it was no exception to the phenomenon.

By 1970, the administration of President Richard Nixon began fighting back and Congress passed the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act. In June of the following year, Nixon declared the war on drugs, saying it was "public enemy No. 1 in the United States." It wouldn't take long for Alaska to start fighting back, with one man leading on the front lines. His case would turn into the biggest marijuana and personal privacy case Alaska had ever seen, setting precedent for decades to come.

Since Colorado and Washington have made headlines recently by legalizing recreational cannabis sales, marijuana has become a hot topic in 2014. But the drug's use and place in society has been hotly debated in courts and among lawmakers for decades, leaving citizens as spectators watching an everlasting ping-pong match.

Regardless of Alaska's history with marijuana, and regardless of what happens in the August election, pot remains illegal under federal law, listed among Schedule I drugs, a group of controlled substances defined as the most dangerous, without any accepted medical utility and with high potential for abuse.

1972 - The fall of 1972 was the start of a long fight for and against marijuana legalization in Alaska thanks to one man, who could be called the grandfather of the Alaska marijuana legalization movement. Irwin Ravin was pulled over for a broken tail light in Anchorage, and was discovered to be in possession of marijuana. A local police officer wrote him a ticket, but Ravin refused to sign it and held the contraband in his hand until he was arrested. Ravin v. State would end up setting legal precedence for decades to come.

1975 - The Alaska Legislature voted for the decriminalization of the long-debated drug. If a person was in possession of one ounce or less in public, or in possession of any amount in the privacy of one's own home, he or she could not be fined more than $100.

1975 - Just over a week after lawmakers decriminalized the personal use of marijuana, the state of Alaska reached a decision in Ravin's case, setting a precedent that would complicate laws against marijuana from then on. The Alaska Supreme Court deemed possession of pot in the privacy of one's home constitutionally protected, despite the fact that Ravin was actually found in possession in his car, not his home.

1982 - The Alaska Legislature decided to let users keep a little more cash in their pockets, and got rid of the $100 fine.

1989 - A campaign to fight the use of marijuana began by circling a statewide petition.

1989 - Alaska State Troopers made a sizeable marijuana bust in Wasilla in December, where Thomas Wyatt, then 45, was found growing 2,006 plants in a residence troopers said was apparently constructed for the purposes of growing cannabis. The month before, troopers had seized 3,000 plants in four different growing operations in the Matanuska Valley.

1990 - In November of 1990 the voter initiative passed, making it illegal to even have or smoke pot in one's own home. If caught with less than eight ounces, a person could spend 90 days in a jail cell and get slapped with $1,000 fine.

1995 - Three Point MacKenzie men were arrested and charged with poaching up to a dozen moose over the course of six months. One of the men was also charged with setting up illegal bear-baiting stations in the woods across the Knik Arm from Anchorage. Troopers said they believed the men intended to trade the bear parts to an undercover investigator in exchange for marijuana.

1996 - Troopers seized 1,465 plants, worth more than $700,000, in a shed next to couple Doug and Heather Gregg's home. Trooper Al Storey said the bust was the largest in recent history.

1998 - The use of marijuana for medical purposes became legal, with 69 percent of voters signing off on a citizens' initiative. Those smoking for their own health and registered in a state database could possess an ounce or up to six plants, of which only three can be budding. Critics say a problem has been that there is no legal way for Alaskans with legal permission to obtain the drug.

1998 - In October, Anchorage police confiscated 1,097 plants during a bust on Birchwood Loop Road, the largest pot bust in Anchorage at that time.

1998 - Also that month, troopers found what they said was the most impressive growing and packaging operation they had ever seen hidden in four secret rooms beneath the garage of an Anchorage Hillside home. Troopers seized 181 plants and indicted seven people.

2000 - Weed was once again on the mind of Alaska residents. An initiative sought to return the laws to pre-1990 status. Measure 5 would have regulated the drug like alcohol, allowed residents over 18 to farm and possess their own supply, and would have granted amnesty to those serving time for marijuana offenses, and purged the criminal records for many others, and would have created an advisory group to study possible restitution. It failed to gain enough support, losing 59.1 percent to 40.9 percent.

2002 - At the Olympic Torch Relay in Juneau, a senior at Juneau-Douglas High School held a sign that said "Bong Hits 4 Jesus." Joseph Frederick's obvious disobedience became the focus of a national debate over the First Amendment.

2004 - Marijuana legalization failed once again in 2004. The campaign pushing Ballot Measure 2 spent more than $850,000 in polling, canvassing, staffing, mailers and print and broadcast advertisements before it failed. A study commissioned by the Alaskans for Rights & Revenues, the group backing the initiative, found that marijuana prohibition costs ranged from $25 million to $30 million annually.

2005 - The killing of Thomas Cody was found to be a drug slaying connected to a multi-million dollar marijuana smuggling operation of "B.C. Bud" from Canada. Nopenone Dennis Shine plead guilty in 2007 to the shooting of Cody, in what was a hostile takeover of the operation. The group was smuggling 900 pounds of product into the state every six weeks, U.S. Attorney Frank Russo said. The bust dismantled one of the largest marijuana smuggling operations in state history.

2006 - Former Alaska Governor Frank Murkowski went head-to-head against the Ravin decision. Murkowski made the possession of one to four ounces of pot a misdemeanor and punishable by up to one year in jail. He argued that the marijuana available by the mid-2000's was much stronger than what Ravin was smoking in the 1970s. The American Civil Liberties Union challenged the new law.

2006 - One of the largest drug busts in Western Alaska occurred when troopers seized 42 pounds of marijuana in Bethel. Francis Cryan, then 57, was found to have marijuana hidden in his checked luggage, as well as in a locked gun safe he had shipped to himself through a cargo carrier. Troopers estimated that the street value in Bethel, nearly four times the price in Anchorage at $1,400 an ounce, was worth around $940,000.

2007 - The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Fairbanks man John Collette, whose marijuana grow operation was disbanded in the early 1990s, did not get proper notice for the goods seized in the bust, including two airplanes, snowmachines and more than $40,000 from bank accounts. Collette's operation was seized in 1993 when authorities raided the home. He fled the country but later returned and pleaded guilty to multiple marijuana manufacturing and distributing charges, serving eight years of an 11-year sentence. After that, he said he spent much of his time working on lawsuits against the government.

2008 - Alaska's Supreme Court began hearing testimony for the State v. ACLU, but -- plot twist -- no decision was made. Privacy rights were to be reexamined when a defendant would actually be prosecuted for a marijuana offense.

2010 - The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race began testing competing mushers for drug use. Mushers are tested for a variety of different drugs, marijuana among them. The drug tests occur at White Mountain, the second-to-last checkpoint during the 1,000 mile long race.

2010 - Then-three-time race winner Lance Mackey said in 2010 that he believed the Iditarod decision was aimed at him. Mackey, a throat cancer survivor, had been open about using medical marijuana on the trail. Officials said the idea had been discussed over the years, but executive director of the Iditarod Trail Committee Stan Hooley told the Anchorage Daily News that it would be difficult to deny the allegations and that other mushers had complained about it. "The reality of it is he's won the race three times and people would like to figure out a way to beat him," Hooley said.

2010 - On April 11, Ravin died at age 70 from complications caused by a massive heart attack.

2010 - The ACLU estimates that in 2010 Alaska spent more than $11 million enforcing marijuana laws, and that every 4.32 hours someone in Alaska is arrested for having marijuana. The study used data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reporting Program and the U.S. Census to document arrest rates, as well as the Bureau of Justice Statistics' Criminal Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts data from fiscal year 2009. Also included in the analysis were federal and state-level estimates for government expenditures and employment for law enforcement, the courts and department of corrections.

2010 - In July, Alaska State Trooper Kyle S. Young busted a married couple for growing after attesting that he could smell marijuana from the road, hundreds of yards away. Young claimed that he smelled marijuana while off duty and driving in the Meadow Lakes area of Southcentral Alaska. He followed his nose to the house of Trace and Jennifer Thoms and concluded that there were no other nearby structures that could have been the source of the odor. Young later executed a search warrant to search the house's specific address and immediate vicinity, and during that time searched two buildings that were more than a football field's distance from the house, where 400 marijuana plants were seized. Three years later, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals would throw out the case, saying that the grow operation discovered during the search lay outside of the scope of the officer's search warrant.

2012 - A pungent smell and claims that Kenny Champ of Houston, Alaska, was illegally dumping raw sewage into a creek near Bench Lake led Alaska State Troopers to investigate Champ's home. When they arrived, the 49-year-old Champ greeted troopers with a sawed-off shotgun and threats that he'd shoot if they didn't leave his property. Next, troopers discovered 1,700 marijuana plants on the property. They also discovered that he had, indeed, been polluting the stream. Champ plead guilty to growing more than 1,000 plants.

2012 - Juneau musher Matt Giblin was sanctioned under the Iditarod's drug testing program and was stripped of his 38th-place finish after testing positive for THC, an active compound in cannabis.

2013 - Petitioners were once again looking for signatures to legalize, tax and regulate marijuana. The Campaign to Regulate Marijuana turned in more than 45,000 signatures in support of the ballot measure in January 2014.

2013 - 20-year-old Nathaniel Harshman was sentenced in January 2013 to five years in federal prison for working on his father Floyd Harshman's marijuana farm -- a 477-plant grow off the Elliott Highway in Interior Alaska -- as a teenager in 2011.

2014 - Lt. Gov. Mead Treadwell approved the voter initiative to legalize, tax and regulate marijuana, to appear on the Aug. 19 ballot.

2014 - In mid-March, the legalization campaign, now dubbed the Campaign to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol, received a cash infusion of more than $200,000 dollars to be used for an "aggressive campaign" to build voter outreach, including print, television and radio ads. In the meantime, opposition to the measure has been relatively subdued thus far.